Memory is One Essay Example

Memory is One Paper Anything where memory is required to do well will thwart a reflex agent. ) There exists a task environment in which every agent is rational. True. Consider a task environment in which all actions (including no action) give the same, equal reward (d) The input to an agent program is the same as the input to the agent donation. False, The input to a agent function is the percept history, The input to a agent program is only the current percept; is up to the agent program to record any relevant history needed to make actions, (e) Every agent function is implantable by some program/machine combination, False. Consider an agent whose only action is to return an integer, ND who perceives a bit each turn. It gains a point of performance if the integer returned matches the value of the entire biting perceived so far. Eventually, any agent program will fail because it will run out of memory. Suppose an agent selects its action uniformly at random from the set Of possible actions. There exists a deterministic task environment in which this agent is rational. True. Again consider the all actions always give equal reward case (g) It is possible for a given agent to be perfectly rational in two distinct task environments. True. Consider two environments based on betting on the outcomes of a roll of two dice. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory is One specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Memory is One specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Memory is One specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In one environment, the dice are fair, in the other, the dice are biased to always give 3 and 4. The agent can bet on what the sum of the dice will be, with equal reward on all possible outcomes for guessing correctly. The agent that always bets on 7 will be rational in both cases. (h) Every agent is rational in an unobservable environment. False. Built-in knowledge can give a rational agent in an unobservable environment. A vacuum- agent that cleans, moves, cleans moves would be rational, but one that never moves would not be. (i) A perfectly playing poker-playing agent never loses. False, Pit two perfectly playing agents against each other. Someone (the one with poorer luck) must lose. 2. (Exercise 2. 4) For each of the following activities, give a PEAS description of the task environment and characterize it in terms of the properties listed in Section 2_3. 2 (Properties of Task Environments in RUN 2nd De) ; Playing soccer. P- Win/Lose E- Soccer field A- Legs,Head,lisper body S- Eyes,Ears. Partially observable, multivalent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown 1 HOW 1 Solutions 0171 ; Exploring the subsurface oceans of Titan. P- Surface area mapped, extraterrestrial life found E. Obfuscate oceans of Titan A. Steering accelerator, break, probe arm, S- camera, sonar, probe sensors. Partially observable, single agent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown ; Shopping for used AAA books on the Internet-P- Cost of book. Quality/relevance/ correct edition E- Internets used book shops A- key entry, cursor website interfaces, browser. Partially observable, multivalent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown ; Playing a tennis match. P- Win/Lose E- Tennis court A- Tennis racquet, Legs S- Eyes, Ears. Partially observable, multivalent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown practicing tennis against a wall. P- Improved performance in future tennis matches E- Near a wall A- Tennis racquet, Legs S- Eyes, Ears. Observable, single ; Performing a high jump. P- Clearing the jump or not E- Track A- Legs, Body S- Eyes observable, single agent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown ; Knitting a sweater. P- Quality Of resulting sweater E- Rocking chair A- Hands,Needles S- Eyes. Observable, single agent, stochastic, sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown ; Bidding on an item at an auction. P- Item acquired, Final price paid for item E- Auction House (or online) A- Bidding S- Eyes, Ears. Partially observable, multivalent, stochastic (tie-breaking for two simultaneous bids), episodic, dynamic, continuous, known 3. (Exercise 2. 5) Define in your own words the following terms: agent, agent function, agent program, rationality, autonomy, reflex agent, model-based agent, goal. Based agent, utility-based agent, learning agent. Agent: An algorithmic entity capable of displaying intelligent-like behavior. Agent function: a mapping from input-sequences to actions defining the behavior of an agent. Agent program: physical program implementing or approximating an agent function, Rationality: he behavior of maximizing ones own reward or performance. Reflex agent: agent only capable of considering its current perception of the world. Model- based agent: agent that attempt to internalize aspects tooth world through an approximating model, Goal-based agent: agent whose performance measure does not directly depend on local actions but on some (potentially) distant goal. Utility-based agent: agent whose performance measure is given by a utility function which determines which states are preferable and which are not on a continuous or many-valued scale. Learning agent: An agent whose performance an improve with experience. 4. (Exercise 2. 6) This exercise explores the differences between agent functions and agent programs. (a) Can there be more than one agent program that implements a given agent function? Give an example, or show why one is not possible. Yes. Assume we are given an agent function whose actions only depend on the previous p percepts. One program can remember the previous p percepts to implement the agent function, while another could remember greater than p percepts and still implement the same agent function. (b) Are there agent functions that cannot be implemented by any agent program? Yes, See 1 (e) (c) Given a fixed machine architecture, does each agent program implement exactly one agent function? Yes. Given a percept sequence, an agent program will select an action. To implement multiple agent functions this would require the agent program to select different actions (or different distributions of actions) given the same percept sequence. D) Given an architecture with n bits of storage, how many different possible agent programs are there? If a is the total number of actions, then the number of possible n programs are AAA an internal states and a choices for each state (e) Suppose e keep the agent program fixed but speed up the machine by a factor Of two. Does that change the agent function? No, not directly. However this may allow the program to compress its memory further and to retain a better model Of the world. 5. (Exercise 3. 2) Your goal is to navigate a robot out Of a maze. The robot Starts in the center of the maze facing north. You can turn the robot to face north, east, south, or west. You can direct the robot to move forward a certain distance, although it will stop before hitting a wall. (a) Formulate the problem. How large is the state space? Initial State: (0. ) Facing( (O, 1) Successor Function( At(x), Facing(y) (Or-I) 1,0) 1} k blocks), (At(x 4 y min(k, Adam (x, where Adam (x, y) is the maximum distance the robot can move in direction y from point x without hitting a wall. Goal State: At(x), x e G, where G is the set of locations outside the maze. If the maze is comprised of S blocks, then the total number of states is AS. (b) In navigating a maze, the only place we need to turn is at the intersection of two or more corridors. Reformulate this problem using this observations How large is the state space now? The successor function remains the same for intersections, ND for locations x Vichy are straight corridors: Successor Function( At(x), Facing(y) ): k blocks), {At(x * y min(k, Adam (k, Thus if the maze has I intersection blocks then the size of the state space is 41 + 2(S l). HI ; solutions (c) From each point in the maze, we can move in any of the four directions until we reach a turning point, and this is the only action we need to do. Reformulate the problem using these actions. Do we need to keep track of the robots orientation now? For intersections x, Certifications( At(x) J: x 4 (O, l)Damn (x, (O, At(x+ (1, 0)Damn (x, (1, x 4 (O, -?l)Damn (x, (O, At(x + (-1, C)Damn (x, (-1, here Damn (x, y) is the minimum distance from to an intersection in they direction. We no longer need to keep track of the robots orientation since the new actions now contain the turning motions within them. The total number of states is now l. (d) In our initial description Of the problem we already abstracted from the real world, restricting actions and removing details. List three such simplifications we made. (I) The robot can move only in one Of four directions. (2) The robot can sense walls perfectly. (3) After attempting to move a certain distance, the robot knows With certainty how far it has moved. 6. (Exercise 3. ) Consider the n-queens problem using the efficient incremental oversimplification on page 72 (page 67 RUN 2nd De. Explain why the state space has at least 3 n! States and estimate the largest n for which exhaustive exploration is feasible. (Hint: Derive a lower bound on the branching factor by considering the maximum number of squares that a queen can attack in any column. ) We want a lower bound on the size of the state space of this formulation of the n-queens problem. In this formulation, each column contains a queen, and queens are filled in neighboring columns in locations that are not attacked by previous queens.

Greek and Roman civilizations Essays

Greek and Roman civilizations Essays Greek and Roman civilizations Essay Greek and Roman civilizations Essay Throughout history there have been many great empires. But none have made a greater impact than the Greek and Roman empires. These empires began as small city-states, and grew to become the powerful empires we know today. The Greek and Roman empires were not always enemies, considering the Romans were greatly Influenced by the Greek culture. The two collocations shared many similarities, but had different opinions on government operations. There are three different periods that span the history of the Greek and Roman empires; the Hellenic, Hellenic, and Roman civilization. I will thoroughly examine the differences in religion, philosophy, societal struggles, territory expansion, trade, commerce and the decline of each time period of these civilizations. Hellenic Period The Hellenic period is often referred to as the Age of Classic Greece. The Age of Classic Greece started in 507 B. C. E. And lasted until the death of Alexander the Great In 323 B. C. E. This was a time of war, conflict, and evolution. The conflict started when the Persians attempted to take Greece. The Persians Intended on expanding their empire and they turned their eyes onto Athens. After several battles the Athenians and the Spartan worked together to defeat the Persians, ending the war in 449 B. C. E. After the war the Athenians began to focus on their politics, economy, and culture. In 507 B. C. E an Athenian nobleman named Calisthenics created a new system of citizen self-governance called democratic. In this early democratic system, every male citizen that was older than 18 was able to join the alkies, or assembly. Alkies was the governing portions of Athens. Other legislators were chosen at random, not by election. : During the Persian war. Athens was also able to protect their distant Greek territories from Persian influence by creating an alliance names the Delia League. After the war the Delia League helped push Athens into the great Imperial powerhouse they are known for. The Hellenic age also relied heavily upon Its dominating culture. During the Age of Classic Greece many Athenian artists and thinkers emerged. Artists and philosophers of this time have made many important contributions to the way western civilizations are ran to this day. The teachings of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle have dominated thought for husbands of years and continue to remain relevant to this day. The artists of this time built many temples and sculptures to worship the gods. The polytheistic Greek religion played a major part in the Hellenic period. Anyone who so much as questioned or allegedly questioned the existence of the gods was subject to the death penalty. Even with all of these cultural advancements the Athenians were unable to keep political stability, bringing on the Peloponnesus war. The Spartan took up arms against the Athenians and they were no match. The defeat of the Athenians brought disorder to the former empire, allowing the Macedonian King Phillip II and Alexander the Great to conquer Greece. Hellenic Period The Hellenic period was essentially the expansion of the Hellenic period. The word Hellenic comes from the word Hellenize, which mean to speak or identify with the Greeks. Before Alexander the Great passed away, he built an empire that I OFF was created in the span of 13 years. Alexander the Greatest generals split his entire empire up after his death, creating three dynasties called the Eclectics of Syria and Persia, the Ptolemaists of Egypt, and the Antagonist of Greece and Macedonia. These three dynasties were not united, but they did have many things in common. All of the Hellenic states were ruled by Kings who only desired riches and popularity. The dynasties worked hard to create trade relationships that spread all throughout the empire formally known as Alexandria. They made sure to put their wealth out on display, building elaborate sculptures, making huge donations to museums and zoos, creating extravagant sculptures. The people flowed smoothly throughout the Hellenic kingdoms mainly because they spoke and read the same language. No matter where a person came from in the Hellenic regions, they were able to communicate with anyone. Even with everyone connected there was still social disorder due to the sudden change in government policy. People were actively involved the self-governed democratic government of the past. Now that citizens were once again living in impersonal empires ruled by bureaucrats, they started to feel alienated. The Hellenic art and literature expressed the feelings of the citizens. They began to sculpt and paint actual people as opposed to the gods their ultra was so centered around. The citizens also began to Join random religions that promised immortality and individual wealth. Even Hellenic philosophers focused their time on preaching about individual happiness and pleasure. The Hellenic period was an age ruled by commercialism and cosmopolitanism. The Hellenic age ended at the Romans feet when the Roman Octavia defeated marc Anthony in the battle at Actinium. Roman Empire The Roman history began with two deem gods known as Romulus and Reams. Romulus and Reams were the twin sons of Mars, the god of war. Roman history dates that Romulus eventually killed his brother Reams and was the first king of Rome, named after himself. As Rome continued to develop it lost its monarchy style government in 509 B. C. E and developed into a republic known as the Republic of Rome. Under the new republic government Rome continued to develop both culturally and technologically. Rome was even burned to the ground in 390 B. C. E and ended up rebounding and taking over the entire Italian peninsula. Rome was involved in a series of wars known as the Punic Wars with Cartage, which was another powerful city-state in northern Africa. They ended up defeating Cartage in all three wars and expanded their republic. This expansion lead to the Romans coming onto contact with more advanced cultures like the Greeks. Romans benefited greatly from their contact with the Greeks, adopting their art, philosophy, and religion. After contact with the Greeks, the Romans began to develop their culture exponentially, creating political issues. As the old ways of government began to fall to the waste side turmoil and violence began to brew within the Republic. Warlords began to dominate Rome and fight against each other for total domination. Rome changed forever when a man named Octavia rose to power by conquering all of Romeos provenances. Octavia was the first Roman emperor and assumed to role of Augustus. The Augustus restored Rome to its former glory and ended all of the corruption that had taken place before. He ushered in a new era for the Romans by However as developed as their culture had become the Romans could not escape themselves. After the first Augusts passed, Romans were plague by civil wars. These civil wars lead to inflation and the loss of providences one by one. Rome unfortunately collapsed under its own weight. Unable to properly defend itself Rome fell to a German prince named Advocacy, who won control over the Roman army in Italy. Conclusion Great civilizations have come and gone through Greece, leaving an impact throughout history that maintains relevant today. These cultures started out as small city-states, developing into great empires. The impact that these cultures have had on our western civilization is undeniable, from art, literature, to the development of our culture. These cultures paved the way for the many cultures that followed.